Date:16-12-2022 | paper solution

Subject Code: Air Pollution Control and Management ( 3161308)
Date:16-12-2022
Paper solved by Om sonawane

Q.1

(a) Give your comments on Effect of Fuel on emission of pollutant.

Fuel plays a crucial role in determining the level of emissions from vehicles and other sources of pollution. The type and quality of fuel used can have a significant impact on the levels of pollutants released into the atmosphere.

For example, burning fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas produces high levels of carbon dioxide, which is a major contributor to climate change. Additionally, these fuels also release other pollutants such as nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, and particulate matter, which can harm human health and the environment.

On the other hand, alternative fuels such as electricity, hydrogen, and biofuels produce significantly lower emissions than fossil fuels. Electric vehicles, for example, produce no tailpipe emissions and therefore do not contribute to air pollution. Similarly, hydrogen fuel cell vehicles produce only water vapor as a byproduct.

In conclusion, the fuel used plays a significant role in determining the level of emissions and pollutants released into the atmosphere. To reduce emissions and improve air quality, it is essential to shift towards cleaner, more sustainable fuels.

(b) Draw a neat sketch of Cyclone Separator.

(c) Explain Working principle of Bag filter.

A bag filter, also known as a fabric filter, is a type of air pollution control equipment that is commonly used in industrial and commercial settings to remove particulate matter from exhaust gases. It works by forcing the exhaust gas through a series of bags made of a porous material, such as fabric or felt, that captures and retains the particulate matter.

The working principle of a bag filter is based on the principle of mechanical filtration. As the exhaust gas flows through the bags, the particulate matter gets trapped in the fibers of the filter material. The filter bags are typically made of a heat-resistant material that can withstand the high temperatures of the exhaust gas.

The bag filter is typically made up of several compartments, each containing a set of filter bags. The exhaust gas is directed through each compartment in sequence, allowing for multiple stages of filtration. This increases the efficiency of the filter and allows it to remove even the smallest particulate matter.

The collected particulate matter, also known as dust, is periodically removed from the filter bags through a process called “pulse-jet cleaning”. This process involves briefly reversing the airflow through the filter bags, causing the dust to be dislodged and collected in a hopper for disposal.

Q.2

(a) Enlist Selection criteria of Air Pollution Control Equipments.

Effectiveness: The primary selection criterion for air pollution control equipment is its effectiveness in removing or reducing the targeted pollutants. The equipment should be able to meet the specific emission standards and regulations set by the government.

Energy Efficiency: The energy efficiency of the equipment should be considered, as it will have an impact on the overall operating costs of the facility.

Maintenance and Operating costs: The equipment should have low maintenance and operating costs, including the cost of replacement parts, labor, and energy.

Space Requirements: The size and layout of the facility should be taken into consideration when selecting air pollution control equipment. The equipment should be able to fit into the available space and meet the facility's layout requirements.

Flexibility: The equipment should be flexible enough to accommodate changes in production or process conditions, and should be able to adapt to changing regulations.

Environmental Impact: The equipment should have minimal environmental impact and should not generate additional pollutants.

Reliability: The equipment should be reliable and able to operate for extended periods without interruption.

Scalability: The equipment should be scalable to meet the facility's future expansion needs.

Technology: The equipment should be based on the latest and most advanced technology to ensure optimal performance.

Safety: The equipment should be designed and built to ensure the safety of the operators and the surrounding environment.

(b) Enlist and explain the Advantages of ESP.

An Electrostatic Precipitator (ESP) is a type of air pollution control equipment that is used to remove particulate matter from exhaust gases. It uses an electric field to charge and collect the particulate matter, making it an efficient and effective method of controlling emissions.

High Efficiency: ESPs have a high efficiency in removing particulate matter, typically greater than 99%. This makes them an effective method of controlling emissions.

Low Operating Costs: ESPs have low operating costs, as they do not require the use of chemicals or water. They also have low maintenance costs and a long service life.

Low Space Requirements: ESPs have a compact design and do not require a lot of space, making them suitable for use in a wide range of industrial and commercial settings.

Easy to Control: ESPs have a simple design and are easy to control, making them easy to operate and maintain.

Versatility: ESPs can be used to control emissions from a wide range of sources, including power plants, cement kilns, and steel mills.

Low Environmental Impact: ESPs have a low environmental impact and do not generate additional pollutants.

Reliability: ESPs are reliable and have a long service life, making them a cost-effective solution for controlling emissions over time.

Scalability: ESPs can be easily scaled to meet the needs of different facilities, making them suitable for use in a wide range of industries.

Cost-effective: ESPs are cost-effective as they require low maintenance, energy and the initial cost is also less.

In conclusion, ESPs are an efficient and effective method of controlling particulate matter emissions, with high efficiency rates, low operating costs, and low space requirements. They also have a low environmental impact, are easy to control, versatile, reliable, scalable, and cost-effective.

(c) Write a short note on scrubber along with sketch.

A scrubber is a type of air pollution control equipment that is used to remove pollutants from exhaust gases. It works by directing the exhaust gas through a chamber that contains a scrubbing solution, such as water or a chemical solution. The pollutants in the exhaust gas react with the scrubbing solution, forming a liquid or solid that can be easily removed and disposed of.

Scrubbers can be used to remove a wide range of pollutants, including particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, and volatile organic compounds. They are commonly used in industrial settings, such as power plants, cement kilns, and steel mills, where emissions are high.

The basic working principle of the scrubber is that, the polluted gas is passed through the scrubber where it comes in contact with the scrubbing liquid. Scrubbing liquid absorbs the pollutants, neutralizing or converting them into other forms.

The sketch of the scrubber would look like:

In conclusion, scrubbers are an effective method of controlling air pollution by removing pollutants from exhaust gases. They are commonly used in industrial settings and can remove a wide range of pollutants. The scrubber is a simple and effective method of cleaning the contaminated air but requires a large amount of water or chemicals which can be a limiting factor.

(c) Briefly explain the working principle of gravity settling chamber along with sketch.

A gravity settling chamber is a type of air pollution control equipment that is used to remove particulate matter from exhaust gases. It works by directing the exhaust gas through a chamber that allows the particulate matter to settle out of the gas stream under the influence of gravity.

The working principle of the gravity settling chamber is based on the principle of particle size and density. The exhaust gas is directed into the chamber, where the particulate matter, which is heavier than the gas, will settle out of the gas stream and collect at the bottom of the chamber. The cleaned gas is then discharged from the top of the chamber.

The sketch of the gravity settling chamber would look like:

In conclusion, the gravity settling chamber is a simple and effective method of removing particulate matter from exhaust gases. It uses the principle of gravity to separate the particulate matter from the gas stream, making it a cost-effective solution for controlling emissions. However, it is not very efficient for removing particles that are too small or too light and it also requires a large space to install.

Q.3

(a) Differentiate between four stroke and two stroke engine.

A four-stroke engine and a two-stroke engine are two different types of internal combustion engines that are used in various applications, such as automobiles, motorcycles, and power equipment.

The main difference between a four-stroke engine and a two-stroke engine is the number of times the piston moves up and down inside the cylinder in order to complete one combustion cycle.

A four-stroke engine, also known as a four-cycle engine, completes one combustion cycle in four strokes of the piston. These four strokes are:

Intake Stroke: The piston moves down, pulling in a mixture of fuel and air into the cylinder.

Compression Stroke: The piston moves up, compressing the fuel-air mixture inside the cylinder.

Combustion Stroke: A spark from the spark plug ignites the fuel-air mixture, causing combustion.

Exhaust Stroke: The piston moves down, pushing the exhaust gases out of the cylinder.

A two-stroke engine, on the other hand, completes one combustion cycle in two strokes of the piston. These two strokes are:

Power Stroke: The piston moves down, pulling in a mixture of fuel and air into the cylinder and compressing it at the same time.

Exhaust Stroke: The piston moves up, pushing the exhaust gases out of the cylinder and pulling in the fresh charge of fuel-air mixture.

Four stroke engines are generally considered more efficient, reliable, and cleaner than two stroke engines as they have a separate cycle for intake and exhaust, which makes them more controllable and less polluting. They also run at lower RPMs, which results in less wear and tear and a longer lifespan. On the other hand, two stroke engines are simpler, lighter, and more powerful but they are less fuel-efficient and they emit more pollutants.

In summary, the four-stroke engine and the two-stroke engine have different working principles and are used in different applications. Four-stroke engines are more efficient, reliable and cleaner than two-stroke engines, but two-stroke engines are simpler, lighter, and more powerful.

(b) Explain Alternative Fuels & their utilization.

Alternative fuels are any fuels that can be used in place of traditional fossil fuels, such as gasoline, diesel, and natural gas. These fuels are typically considered to be more sustainable and have a lower environmental impact than fossil fuels.

Some examples of alternative fuels include:

Electric: Electric vehicles (EVs) are powered by electricity stored in batteries. They produce zero emissions at the tailpipe and are considered to be one of the most sustainable forms of transportation.

Hydrogen: Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles (FCVs) use hydrogen as a fuel source. They produce only water vapor as a byproduct, making them a clean and sustainable form of transportation.

Biofuels: Biofuels are made from renewable organic matter such as plant oils, animal fats, and waste products. They are considered to be more sustainable than fossil fuels and can be used in vehicles and power generators.

Natural Gas: Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) and Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) are considered to be alternative fuels as they produce less emissions than gasoline and diesel.

Propane: Propane is a clean-burning fuel that can be used in vehicles, generators, and heating systems.

The utilization of alternative fuels depends on the type of fuel, the infrastructure available, and the cost-effectiveness of the fuel. Electric vehicles, for example, require charging infrastructure, while hydrogen fuel cell vehicles require hydrogen fueling stations. Biofuels are typically used in the transportation sector and can be blended with traditional fuels. Natural gas is used in vehicles, power generators and heating systems. In most cases, the cost-effectiveness of alternative fuels compared to traditional fossil fuels is a major factor in their utilization.

In conclusion, alternative fuels are any fuels that can be used in place of traditional fossil fuels, such as gasoline, diesel, and natural gas. They are considered to be more sustainable and have a lower environmental impact than fossil fuels. Their utilization depends on the type of fuel, the infrastructure available, and the cost-effectiveness of the fuel.

(c) Write a short note on A/F ratio.

The Air/Fuel (A/F) ratio is the ratio of the amount of air to the amount of fuel in an internal combustion engine. It is an important factor in engine performance and emissions. The A/F ratio is typically measured in units of mass, such as grams per liter (g/L).

A lean A/F ratio, which has more air than fuel, results in better fuel efficiency and lower emissions. However, it can also cause engine knock, which can damage the engine over time. A rich A/F ratio, which has more fuel than air, results in better power output and lower emissions of nitrogen oxides. However, it can also cause higher emissions of hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide.

In order to achieve the optimal A/F ratio, the engine management system uses sensors to monitor the air intake and the fuel injection systems. It then adjusts the amount of fuel delivered to the engine to match the amount of air entering the engine. This is known as closed-loop fuel control.

In summary, the A/F ratio is the ratio of the amount of air to the amount of fuel in an internal combustion engine. It is an important factor in engine performance and emissions. A lean A/F ratio results in better fuel efficiency and lower emissions, while a rich A/F ratio results in better power output and lower emissions of nitrogen oxides. The engine management system uses sensors to monitor the air intake and fuel injection systems, and adjusts the amount of fuel delivered to the engine in order to achieve the optimal A/F ratio.

Q.3

(a) Draw a neat sketch of stratified charge engine.

(b) Highlight the importance of rotary combustion engine.

Rotary combustion engines, also known as rotary engines or Wankel engines, are a type of internal combustion engine that are known for their compact design, high power-to-weight ratio, and ability to operate at high speeds. They have a unique design that uses a rotor instead of a traditional piston to compress and expand the fuel-air mixture, which results in several benefits.

Compact Design: Rotary combustion engines have a compact design compared to traditional piston engines. This makes them ideal for use in small and lightweight vehicles, such as motorcycles and sports cars, as well as for power generators, pumps, and other industrial equipment.

High Power-to-weight Ratio: Rotary combustion engines have a high power-to-weight ratio, which means they can produce more power per unit of weight than traditional piston engines. This makes them ideal for use in applications where weight is a critical factor, such as in aircraft and racing vehicles.

High Speeds: Rotary combustion engines can operate at high speeds, which makes them ideal for use in high-performance vehicles and equipment.

Low Emissions: Rotary combustion engines have low emissions compared to traditional piston engines. This makes them ideal for use in applications where emissions are a concern, such as in hybrid vehicles and other forms of green transportation.

Durability: Rotary combustion engines have a relatively simple design, which makes them more durable and less prone to wear and tear than traditional piston engines.

In conclusion, rotary combustion engines are a type of internal combustion engine that are known for their compact design, high power-to-weight ratio, and ability to operate at high speeds. They have a unique design that uses a rotor instead of a traditional piston to compress and expand the fuel-air mixture, which results in several benefits such as low emissions, durability and efficiency. They are ideal for use in small and lightweight vehicles, aircraft, high-performance vehicles and equipment, and other industrial equipment.

(c) How engine design changes affect the auto exhaust emission?

Engine design changes can have a significant impact on the emissions produced by automobiles. Some of the ways in which engine design changes affect auto exhaust emissions include:

Combustion Efficiency: Changes in engine design, such as the use of advanced combustion technologies, can improve the combustion efficiency of the engine. This results in more complete combustion of the fuel, which reduces the emissions of pollutants such as carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons.

Emission Control Technologies: Engine design changes can also include the incorporation of emission control technologies, such as catalytic converters and exhaust gas recirculation systems. These technologies reduce emissions by chemically converting pollutants into less harmful compounds.

Fuel Efficiency: Engine design changes can also improve the fuel efficiency of the engine. This results in fewer emissions of carbon dioxide, which is a major contributor to climate change.

Fuel Type: The type of fuel used in the engine can also affect emissions. For example, engines that run on alternative fuels, such as electricity or hydrogen, produce significantly lower emissions than those that run on fossil fuels.

Cylinder count: The number of cylinders in an engine can also affect emissions. Engines with fewer cylinders typically produce fewer emissions than those with more cylinders.

Engine control system: Engine control systems can also affect emissions. Advanced engine control systems, such as those that use on-board diagnostics and adaptive control algorithms, can improve the efficiency of the engine and reduce emissions.

In conclusion, engine design changes can have a significant impact on the emissions produced by automobiles. Changes in combustion efficiency, the use of emission control technologies, fuel efficiency, fuel type, cylinder count, and engine control system can all contribute to reducing the emissions from the vehicle.

Q.4

(a) Discuss desulphurization process of coal.

Desulfurization of coal is the process of removing sulfur from coal before it is burned. Sulfur is a component of coal that, when burned, produces sulfur dioxide (SO2), which is a major contributor to air pollution and acid rain.

There are several methods for desulfurizing coal, including:

Physical cleaning: Physical cleaning methods, such as washing and crushing, can remove some of the sulfur from the coal. However, these methods are not very effective and typically only remove a small percentage of the sulfur.

Chemical cleaning: Chemical cleaning methods, such as flotation and leaching, use chemicals to separate the sulfur from the coal. These methods are more effective than physical cleaning methods, but they are also more expensive and can be more difficult to implement.

Biological cleaning: Biological cleaning methods use microorganisms to remove sulfur from the coal. These methods are relatively new, but they have the potential to be more effective and less expensive than chemical cleaning methods.

Coal Gasification: In this method, coal is converted into a gas which is then cleaned, removing sulfur and other impurities. The cleaned gas can then be burned in power plants to produce electricity.

Power Plant Scrubber: In this method, the emissions from burning coal are cleaned by passing the exhaust through a scrubber which removes sulfur and other pollutants.

In conclusion, desulfurization of coal is the process of removing sulfur from coal before it is burned. This process can be done through physical, chemical

(b) Draw a neat sketch of Double alkali scrubbing.

(c) Discuss combustion control methods for NOx.

Combustion control methods for NOx (nitrogen oxides) are techniques used to reduce the emissions of NOx from combustion processes, such as in power plants and industrial boilers. NOx emissions are a major contributor to air pollution, and reducing them is important for protecting the environment and public health.

Some common combustion control methods for NOx include:

Low-NOx burners: These burners are designed to reduce NOx emissions by controlling the air-to-fuel ratio, the combustion temperature, and the residence time of the fuel in the combustion chamber. They can reduce NOx emissions by up to 50%.

Selective catalytic reduction (SCR): SCR is a post-combustion method that uses a catalyst to convert NOx into nitrogen and water vapor. It is most commonly used in power plants and industrial boilers.

Selective Non-catalytic Reduction (Sncr): SNCR is also a post-combustion method that uses a reagent, such as ammonia, to reduce NOx. It is most commonly used in power plants and industrial boilers.

Over-fire Air: This method involves injecting air into the combustion chamber above the fuel, which reduces the formation of NOx during combustion.

Flue Gas Recirculation: This method involves recirculating a portion of the flue gas back into the combustion chamber. This reduces the oxygen available.

OR

Q.4

(a) Enlist the sources of VOCs.

VOCs, or volatile organic compounds, can be emitted from a variety of sources, including:

Industrial processes and manufacturing
Solvents used in cleaning and painting
Fuel combustion from cars, trucks, and other vehicles
Gasoline pumps and storage tanks
Landfills and waste disposal
Leaks or spills of gasoline or other fuels
Use of pesticides and other chemicals in agriculture
Use of cleaning and personal care products
Building materials and furnishings
Dry-cleaning operations
Storage and handling of hazardous materials
Wood burning stoves or fireplaces
Natural sources like forest fires, volcanic eruptions, and certain types of vegetation.

(b) Write the control methods of VOCs.

There are several methods for controlling and reducing VOC emissions, including:

Source Reduction: This involves reducing or eliminating the use of VOCs at the source, such as by switching to VOC-free products or using less-toxic alternatives.

Process Changes: Altering industrial processes to reduce VOC emissions, such as by using closed systems or changing the temperature and pressure of a process.

Capture and control: Installing equipment to capture and control VOC emissions, such as by using adsorbers, scrubbers, or thermal oxidizers.

Combustion: Burning VOCs to destroy them, such as through the use of flares or thermal oxidizers.

Storage and Handling: Properly storing and handling VOC-containing materials to minimize leaks and spills.

Compliance With Regulations: Adhering to VOC emission regulations set by local, state, and federal agencies.

Best Management Practices: Implementing best management practices such as good housekeeping, personnel training, and regular equipment maintenance to reduce VOC emissions.

Environmental management systems: Implementing an environmental management system (EMS) such as ISO 14001 to identify, evaluate, and control environmental risks associated with VOCs.

Green Procurement: Encourage the use of products that have lower VOC emissions.

Consumer Education: Educating consumers about the risks associated with VOCs and how to reduce exposure, such as by using low-VOC products.

(c) Write a short note on single alkali scrubbing.

Single alkali scrubbing is a method for removing acid gases, such as sulfur dioxide (SO2) and hydrogen chloride (HCl), from industrial flue gases. In this process, an alkali solution, typically aqueous sodium hydroxide (NaOH), is injected into the flue gas stream. The acid gases react with the alkali to form neutral salts, such as sodium sulfite (Na2SO3) and calcium chloride (CaCl2). The scrubbed flue gas is then released into the atmosphere, while the spent alkali solution is typically sent to a waste treatment facility for disposal. Single alkali scrubbing is a widely used technology in the power generation and chemical industries, and is considered to be relatively low-cost and efficient. However, it can also generate waste streams that require proper handling and disposal to prevent environmental impacts.

Q.5

(a) Draw neat sketch of cyclone in series and scrubber in series.

(b) Enlist and explain industrial applications of ESP.

An electrostatic precipitator (ESP) is a device that uses electrical forces to remove particulate matter, such as dust and smoke, from industrial flue gases. ESPs are commonly used in a variety of industrial applications, including:

Power Generation: ESPs are used in coal-fired power plants to remove fly ash and other particulate matter from the flue gases before they are released into the atmosphere.

Cement Production: ESPs are used to remove dust and other particulate matter from the flue gases produced by cement kilns.

Iron And Steel Production: ESPs are used to remove particulate matter from the flue gases produced by blast furnaces and other iron and steel production processes.

Non-ferrous Metal Production: ESPs are used to remove particulate matter from the flue gases produced by non-ferrous metal production processes, such as smelting and refining.

Incineration: ESPs are used to remove particulate matter from the flue gases produced by incineration processes, such as waste-to-energy plants.

Chemical and petrochemical industry: ESPs are used to remove particulate matter from the flue gases produced by chemical and petrochemical processes, such as refining and chemical synthesis.

ESPs are effective in removing particulate matter from flue gases and can help to reduce emissions and improve air quality. However, ESPs require significant maintenance and can be costly to operate.

(c) Draw Air pollution control scheme for foundry and also mentioned sources and types of air pollutants.

A typical air pollution control scheme for a foundry may include a combination of the following technologies:

Dust collection: A dust collection system, such as a baghouse or cyclone, is used to remove particulate matter, such as dust and smoke, from the foundry's exhaust air.

Gas cleaning: A gas cleaning system, such as a scrubber or electrostatic precipitator, is used to remove gaseous pollutants, such as sulfur dioxide (SO2) and hydrogen chloride (HCl), from the foundry's exhaust air.

Thermal oxidizer: A thermal oxidizer, such as a catalytic oxidizer or a regenerative thermal oxidizer, is used to destroy volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and other pollutants in the foundry's exhaust air.

Carbon Adsorption: Carbon Adsorption is used to remove pollutants such as Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs).

Sources of air pollutants in a foundry may include:

Combustion of fossil fuels, such as coal or natural gas, to heat the foundry's furnaces and other equipment.
Smelting and casting operations, which can generate dust, smoke, and other particulate matter.
Use of chemicals, such as acids and bases, in the foundry's production processes.
Use of oils and lubricants in the foundry's production processes.

Types of air pollutants that may be present in a foundry include:

Particulate matter, such as dust and smoke.
Gaseous pollutants, such as sulfur dioxide (SO2) and hydrogen chloride (HCl)
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs)
Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs)
Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx)
Carbon Monoxide (CO)

It is important to note that the above mentioned scheme is a generalization and the specific configuration will vary depending on the foundry's processes, emission levels, and local regulations.

OR

Q.5

(a) Explain advantages of cyclone in series and scrubber in series.

Cyclones in series and scrubbers in series are two different air pollution control technologies that are often used in combination to remove pollutants from industrial exhaust gases.

Advantages of using a cyclone in series:

High Efficiency: Cyclones in series can achieve high collection efficiencies for particulate matter, with efficiencies of over 90% possible.

Low Maintenance: Cyclones in series are relatively low-maintenance and have a long service life.

Low cost: Cyclones in series are relatively low-cost, making them a cost-effective solution for removing particulate matter from exhaust gases.

Compact: Cyclones are compact and can be installed in a small space.

Advantages of using a scrubber in series:

High Efficiency: Scrubbers in series can achieve high removal efficiencies for acidic gases, such as sulfur dioxide (SO2) and hydrogen chloride (HCl), with efficiencies of over 90% possible.

Low Emissions: Scrubbers in series can effectively remove pollutants from the exhaust gases, reducing emissions and improving air quality.

Low Operating Cost: Scrubbers in series are relatively low-cost to operate and maintain.

Flexible: Scrubbers can be used for a wide range of pollutants and process conditions.

When used in series, these two technologies can effectively remove both particulate matter and gaseous pollutants from industrial exhaust gases. This can help to reduce emissions, improve air quality, and comply with regulations.

(b) Enlist advantages and disadvantages of venturi scrubber.

A venturi scrubber is a type of air pollution control technology that is used to remove particulate matter and gaseous pollutants from industrial exhaust gases. The main advantages and disadvantages of venturi scrubbers are:

Advantages:

High Efficiency: Venturi scrubbers can achieve high collection efficiencies for particulate matter and gaseous pollutants, with efficiencies of over 90% possible

Low Maintenance: Venturi scrubbers are relatively low-maintenance and have a long service life.

Low Energy Consumption: Venturi scrubbers do not require high energy consumption, which makes them an energy-efficient option

Low Capital Cost: Venturi scrubbers are relatively low-cost and can be an affordable option for certain applications.

Compact: Venturi scrubbers are a relatively compact and can be installed in a small space.

Disadvantages:

Limited Pollutants Removal: Venturi scrubbers are typically only effective at removing particulate matter and certain gaseous pollutants, and may not be effective for other pollutants.

High Pressure Drop: Venturi scrubbers can create a high pressure drop across the device, which can increase the energy consumption and costs associated with operating the system.

High Water Consumption: Venturi scrubbers typically require a large amount of water to operate, which can increase costs and generate waste streams.

Limited Scalability: Venturi scrubbers may not be suitable for large industrial processes or high-volume exhaust gases.

Limited Flexibility: Venturi scrubbers are typically designed for a specific range of pollutants and process conditions, which can limit their flexibility in certain applications.

It is important to note that the suitability of a venturi scrubber will depend on the specific application, the pollutants to be removed and the specific requirement of the facility. It is recommended to conduct a thorough assessment of the process and emissions before deciding on the most appropriate technology for a particular facility.

(c) Draw Air pollution control scheme for Cement and also mentioned sources and types of air pollutants.

A typical air pollution control scheme for a cement plant may include a combination of the following technologies:

Dust collection: A dust collection system, such as a baghouse or cyclone, is used to remove particulate matter, such as cement dust, from the cement plant's exhaust air.

Gas cleaning: A gas cleaning system, such as a scrubber or electrostatic precipitator, is used to remove gaseous pollutants, such as sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx), from the cement plant's exhaust air.

Carbon adsorption: Carbon Adsorption is used to remove pollutants such as Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs).

Sources of air pollutants in a cement plant may include:

Combustion of fossil fuels, such as coal or natural gas, to heat the cement plant's kilns and other equipment.
Grinding and other processes that generate dust and other particulate matter.
Use of chemicals, such as acids and bases, in the cement plant's production processes.
Use of oils and lubricants in the cement plant's production processes.

Types of air pollutants that may be present in a cement plant include:

Particulate matter, such as cement dust and smoke.

Gaseous pollutants, such as sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx)

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs)

Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs)

Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx)

Carbon Monoxide (CO)

It is important to note that the above mentioned scheme is a generalization and the specific configuration will vary depending on the cement plant's processes, emission levels, and local regulations.

Date:16-12-2022 | paper solution | APCM

Q.1